Fundamental Concepts of Computer Languages

1. Expressions (and statements)
2. Variables, or "how do I get the computer to remember stuff?"
3. Functions, or "how do I encapsulate code?"
4. Exceptions, or "what do I do when something weird happens?
5. Objects, or "how do I encapsulate code and data together?"
6. Data Structures, or "what are some neat patterns in data and algorithms?"
7. Flow Control, or "how do I get my program to do something different in different circumstances?"
8. I/O, or "How do I talk with the rest of the world?"